BUHARE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT TRAINNIG INSTITUTE
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF WOMEN ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT IN THE COMMUNITY.
THE CASE STUDY: NYATUKARA WARD IN SENGEREMA DISTRICT.
By
CHRISTINA RICHARD.
REGISTRATION NUMBER, BU6/1925.
A research proposal submitted to the CDTI Buhare for research project partial
Fulfillment as a requirement for award of the diploma in community
Development training institute
2016/2017
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF WOMEN ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT IN THE COMMUNITY.
THE CASE STUDY: NYATUKARA WARD IN SENGEREMA DISTRICT.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents i
LIST OF ABBREVIATION iii
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.0 Chapter overview 1
1.1 Background information: 1
1.2 Statement of the problem. 3
1.3 Objective of the study. 4
1.3.1 Main objective of the study 4
1.3.2 Specific objectives 4
1.4 Research questions: 4
1.5 Scope of the study: 4
1.6 Significance of the study: 5
CHAPTER TWO 6
LITERATURE REVIEW: 6
2.0 Introductions 6
2.1 Definition of the Key Terms 6
2.2 Theoretical frameworks 6
2.3 Empirical findings 7
2.4 Conceptual frameworks 7
CHAPTER THREE: 9
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: 9
3.0 Chapter overview 9
3.1 The study area 9
3.2 Research design 9
3.3 Sampling technique 9
3.3.1 Probability sampling 9
3.3.2 Non probability sampling 10
3.4 Sampling frame. 10
4.5 Sampling size 10
3.6 Types of data 11
3.6.1 Qualitative data 11
3.6.2 Quantitative data 11
3.7 Source of data 11
3.8 Data collection methods 11
3.8.1 Focus group discussion 11
3.8.2 Interview 11
3.8.3 Survey 12
3.9 Tools of data collection 12
3.9.1 Questionnaire 12
3.9.2 Checklist 12
3.10 Data processing, analysis and presentation 12
3.10.1 Data processing 12
3.10.2 Data analysis 12
3.10.3 Data presentation 13
REFERENCES 14
APPENDIXES I 15
Schedule of activities 15
APPENDIX II 16
Total budget of conducting research 16
APPENDIX III 17
QUESTIONNAIRE 17
APPENDIX IV 20
QUESTIONNAIRE 20
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
CBO Community Based Organization
CDO Community Development Officer
MFI Microfinance Institution
NGOs Non Government Organization
VEO Village executive Officer
VICOBA Village community Bank
WDF Women Development Fund
WEO Ward Executive Officer
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Chapter overview
This chapter contains background information of the study, statement of the problem and justification research objective, questions, significance of the study, and scope of the study.
1.1 Background information:
Women empowerment and economic development are closely related in one direction, development alone can play a major role in driving down inequality between men and women in the other direction, empowering women may benefit developments (baring rand Ireland 2008) in worldwide since the 1970’s southern feminists have used the term “women’s” empowerment to describe a struggle for social justice and women’s equality that involves transforming economic, social and political structure for example (Mohanty 1991, Bathrala 1994, Agawal 2002) women must first understood how patriarchy affects their lives and how its people wanted.
Then they can develop collective strategies for change. Psychological aspect of empowerment such as self confidence and belief that positive change is possible are important but must be followed by action. This is approach might be crudely summarized as consciousness raising development solidarity and taking collective action. However “women’s” empowerment become a popular goal for women’s traditional care giving role means that investment in women’s education and health have many positive effects on other family members.
The persistence of gender inequality is most starkly brought home in the phenomena of “missing women” the term was coined by Amartya Sen in a now classic article in the new York review of books (Sen 1990) to capture the fact that the proportion of women is lower than what would be expected if girls and women throughout the developing world were born and died at the same rate relative to boys and men, as they do in sub-sahara Africa. Today, its estimated that 6 million women are missing every year (World Bank 2011) of those percent are never born, 10 percent are missing in early childhood, 21 percent in the reproductive years, and 38 percent above the age of 60. Stark as the excess mortality is, it still does not capture the differently than their brother lagging behind men in many domains. For each missing women, there are many more women who fail to get an education, a job, or apolitical responsibility that they would have obtained if they had been men.
In sub-sahara Africa (SSA), girls spend for times more on productive tasks than boys, about 66% of women’ work in developing country is unpaid work compared to 25% of men’s work. Women are paid 30-40% less than men for comparable work. Even through over 50% of agricultural work is carried out by women receive only 10% of the credit going to small farmers and just 1% of total credit going to the agricultural sectors. Even through 50% of agriculture work are underrepresented in public institutions at the local and national levels and have little say decision making (CEDAW, 2007). Women in sub-sahara Africa represent only 6% of national registratures, 10% at the local level and 2% in national cabinets sub-sahara Africa (SSA) have on women. However, in 2003 Rwanda with 48.8% women members of parliament become at first country with the largest proportion of women parliament worldwide (2006), a party from that Geita A. M (2008) in his work identify the evidence of missing empirical work specifically in micro-level to prove the contribution of women economic empowerment in the community.
In Tanzania women economic empowerment and current national status in sphere of economic power, gender gap between men and women has been increasing, for example the African gender index (Tanzania chapter) (TGNP: 2005), revealed that between 1995 and 2002, the overall equality in economic power that is, opportunities between women and men decrease by 10% this is attributed to fact that income and time use or employments between women and men as well as wages remained the same while equality in access between resources deteriorated by 50%. This index further revealed improvement in relative equality between women and men in public sector component and a 10%. Improvement in relation equality between women and men in civil society component, however despite these slight improvements, the inequality gap between women and men in Tanzania is still wide. The overall gender status index for example the relative equality measure between women and men in Tanzania mainland, which is combination of social, economic, and political power, show a very small improvement of about (3%) between 1995 and 2002. The overall equality between in every men and women in the country is significantly reduced by the high level of inequality between women and men in the political power block whose indexes were (0.1) and (0.2) in 1995 and 2002 respectively (TGNP: 2005)
According to 1998 population census 81.8 percent of Mwanza region population was rural, therefore, one would expect the economically active population in the region engage in the agricultural sectors. The decreasing productivity of the agricultural sources in the entire region district with the exception of Geita and Sengerema has tended to discourage much substance family. Unreliable of rainfall, increasing land infertility the high cost of fertilizers and pesticides are responsible. Most of serious of all land shortage has reduced their dependence on agricultures economic activities. It cannot meet the year round economic needs of the peasant farmer.
1.2 Statement of the problem.
For the last 10 years there have many strategies invention to create awareness and enhance, women economic empowerment in Tanzania government, women although constitute half of humanity are socially economically and politically margin zed. The nature of empowerment can be deserve, depending upon the parameters that define lack of power within the institutional framework in operation for the past several decodes national governments, nongovernmental organization and international agencies have been aware and concerned about the status of women. Effort have been made by these bodies to improve women literacy earning capacity as Mayoux (1998) suggest empowerment is the process of internal change or power within the augmentation of capacity or power collective mobilization of women and men.
A non organization (NGOs) is any non profit voluntary citizen group which is organized on local national or international level. Task oriented and driven by people with common interest, NGOs perform a variant of services and humanitarian function, bring citizen concerns to governments advocate and monitor policies and encourage political participation through provision of information and loans.
1.3 Objective of the study.
1.3.1 Main objective of the study
To identify the impact to women economic empowerment in study area
1.3.2 Specific objectives
To identify the various economic activities done by women economic empowerment in study area
To identify the challenges facing women in various economic activities in the study area
To explore the ways to solve challenges facing women in economic development activities
Research questions:
What are the various economic activities done by women economic empowerment in study area?
What are the challenges facing women in various economic activities in the study area?
What are the ways to solve the challenges facing women economic empowerment?
1.5 Scope of the study:
The study will be conducted at Nyatukara ward in Sengerema district the aim of this study is to assess the impact of women economic empowerment in the study area. My study will be combine 30 respondents; a study will be conduct into six weeks in data collection to the field or the area which will collect data from the different respondent at Nyatukara ward.
1.6 Significance of the study:
The study facilitate the researcher to a quire skills of development because at the end of the study the researcher will be enable to quality for partiality fulfillment at an award diploma in community development
The study enable both planners and policy maker in government agency and NGOs to create batter strategies for empowering women particularly with the focus of their live hood in empowerment and community development, this help them to came out with substantive possible alternative policy intervention which helped to address problems and challenges which women particular in the study area
Also a study of this nature is equally very important because it has enlightened the government in the community development.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW:
2.0 Introductions
This chapter it involves a review of the related literature and the theories of different authors to point out the visions of other scholars relating to the issue under the study and it include the definition of the key term, theoretical frame work, empirical finding, and conceptual frame work.
2.1 Definition of the Key Terms
(Krishnai 2003) define women empowerment is the process in which women gain greater share of control over resources, material human and intellectual like knowledge information idea and financial resources like money and access to money and control over decision making in the home, community society, national and to gain power (Bisnath and Elson, 1999)
Malhotra (2002) define empowerment as the ability of people to make strategic choices in area that affect their lives. According to Murdoch (1999), micro credit is a useful; tools for the empowerment of women, for poverty alleviation and a relatively new approach for developing economics to solve women’s difficult in obtaining financing poverty, the state or condition of having little or money, good or means of support condition of being poor
2.2 Theoretical frameworks
Empowerment theories; in this section definition of empowerment is presented and offer that the focus is on economic empowerment and how to identify it people are empowered or not
When discussion empowerment one central starting point is power and powerlessness, power can for example mean that you own property has influence in organizations or class domination in society were a small amount of people has weath and political power while the majority has little on the other hand powerlessness can be described as, expectations on own actions will be ineffective in influencing the outcome of life (Lord and Hutchison 1993).
Rapport (1987) describe empowerment on an individual level that “our aim should be to enhance the possibilities for people to control their own lives” (P.119) Mayoux (2000)
An empowerment theory requires a convincing integration of the micro and macro levels in order to make clear the interactions among individual, community and professional empowerment in the search for this integration, I will present three theories which have taken on the challenge of conducting the individual and his behaviout with the society and its process. Drawing on these I will go to propose a theory of empowerment process.
2.3 Empirical findings
Empirical finding are the evidence on what other have done in area related to my study by looking different opinion of every one
According to Kapitsa (2008) have contributed to define the concept of empowerment in relation to development. Also Brannen (2010) started that broader definition of empowerment include eight component mobility economic, security house hold decision related freedom from domination with the family political and legal awareness and involvement in political comparing and protests
According to Ahlen (2012) most micro finance institution for example which are based in urban area systematically done those in rural area especially women from accessing micro finance services some of most popular model that provide financial services to the rural populace are the village community Bank (VICOBA)
According to (Cheston Kuhn 2002) say that since women are the majority in saving and microfinance group it seems safe to assume their sensual live may not have an impact on their economies
2.4 Conceptual frameworks
This conceptual frame work assumes the conceptual that skills development trainings work as tools to help women to improve their social economic improvement and improve their income level through their capacity to start new business and access to financial institution. Accessibility to credit and savings are considered important key to empower women, the researcher showed experience in the ministry of social welfare that different factors are playing vital role to empower the women in project jurisdiction area. The conceptual frame work will give a picture regarding the researcher through about the social economic empowerment in project area.
Figure 1 conceptual frame work
Independent variable
Intervene variable
Dependent variable
Increase income through small business
Involvement in decision making at house hold level
Self confidence
Participation in meeting
Access to decision making at community level
Access to credit
Serving the society
Good government support
Employment opportunity
improvement of social status
Knowledge and skills
Impact of women economic empowerment
CHAPTER THREE:
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:
3.0 Chapter overview
This chapter present the methodology used in the study which will be includes; study area, research design, sampling technique, sampling frame, sampling size, types of data, source of data, focus group discussion, observation, interview, survey, tools of data collection, questionnaire, checklist, data processing, analysis and presentation.
3.1 The study area
Sengerema is one of seven districts in the Mwanza region of Tanzania, east Africa. It is bounded to the north and west by Lake Victoria, to the south by Geita region and to the south east by the Misungwi district. Nyatukara ward is one among of thirty four ward of Sengerema district, Nyatukara ward is bounded by kasungamile ward to the north to the south is bounded by Sima ward, to the west is bounded by Ibisabageni ward to the east is bounded by Nyamazugo ward. The main economic activities of Sengerema district is faming and fishing.
3.2 Research design
Research design basic on the native of investigation experiment where by cross sectional research will be adopted. Additionally it is fast and accommodates large number of unit the women will be in the community development
3.3 Sampling technique
This study will be use both probability sampling and non probability sampling technique
Probability sampling
Probability sampling technique will be used when a researcher is collected data where by all people have equal chance to be selected to be a sample; the researcher will use the simple random sampling to select data will be collected by using the simple random sampling or probability sampling for the purpose of avoiding bias and also to determine the different ideas of different respondent in the study area
3.3.2 Non probability sampling
The non probability sampling also will be applied by a researcher when data is collected where by the members or people are selected from a population and through judge mental sampling to get respondents who may be ward executive officer, community development officer and village executive officer in the technique data are collected where by all people have no equal chance to be selected to be sample.
3.4 Sampling frame.
The sample frame will be included all groups the researcher will deal with the impact of women economic empowerment in the community at Nyatukala ward in Sengerema district, including community development officer (CDO), Ward executive officer (WEO), Village executive officer (VEO), Non- governmental organization (NGOs), Men, women and community members.
4.5 Sampling size
The sampling size will involve 40 where by women 10, men will be 7, and non-organization will be 5, ward executive officer (WEO) 1 and village executive (VEO) 1, and community development officer (CDO) 1, community members 15 in order to assess the impact of women economic empowerment in the community
Table shows categories of respondent
S/No
Respondents
Total
1
Women
10
2
Men
7
3
Non- governmental organization (NGOs)
5
4
Ward executive officer (WEO)
1
5
Village executive officer (VEO)
1
6
Community development officer (CDO)
1
7
Community members
15
Total
40
3.6 Types of data
I will use both types of data qualitative data and quantitative data
3.6.1 Qualitative data
A qualitative data collection method will be used when the data is collected in the study area and researcher will use focus group discussion (FGDs) and key formant. Interview as well as observation in order to get the relevant data, this kind of data is concerned with qualitative things (kind of quality) in study area a research will analyze the various factor which motivate people to behave in a particular manner or which make respondent to like or dislike a particular things
3.6.2 Quantitative data
This method will be used when the data is collected in the study area and a researcher will use questionnaire to select respondent considered to be representing in the study area this kind of data is concerned with measurement of quantities (quality or amount in kgs)
3.7 Source of data
The study will involve both primary and secondary source of data, primary data will be original in character as a research will directly collected data from the respondent actual result from the study area more over secondary data will be obtained through various documents published and unpublished
3.8 Data collection methods
3.8.1 Focus group discussion
Focus group discussion will be done with women on the constraints they face and what should be done in order to improve the situations groups will be formed by to empowering women in economic development
3.8.2 Interview
The interview will be used in the study area concerned the empowerment of women in economic the interview guide that will be used in the research in the study area will include question related to the impact of women economic empowerment on their activities how can empower women in order to be improved on their activities
3.8.3 Survey
By using survey method research will collect data to ward executive officer (WEO), community development officer (CDO), village community development officer (VEO) and women
3.9 Tools of data collection
3.9.1 Questionnaire
Also by asking of questions by those who are busy in the offices and those village community Bank members it provide a chancellor depth information from them and it save time
3.9.2 Checklist
This is a technique of data tools that used to collect information to the field that list of important relevant question to the key information from the researcher are asked a different question about the study.
3.10 Data processing, analysis and presentation
3.10.1 Data processing
Data processing will be manually before they entered into the computer for analysis, this will be involved data editing and coding. In case of editing raw data will exercise to detect errors, omission, contraction and unreasonable information to be connected. In case of coding action of assigned numerals or other symbols to inter of questionnaire so that can reputed into a limited number of categories that will be exhalested and manually exclusive
3.10.2 Data analysis
The first step involved is arranging the data into the different type of categories depending on the source of information. The secondary the research had to react through all the data so as to obtain a general sense of the information and to reflect on its overall meaning. Thirdly the cording process generated description of the setting or people as well as the categories or theme for analysis, the step of data analysis involved making an interpretation or meaning of the data such as noted the lesson that leant. These lessons will reflection in the recommendation of the study. Data will be analysed manually and through computerize program such as Microsoft excel, word and power points
3.10.3 Data presentation
The data in which a researcher collect and analyze, will be presentation by using table, graphs, pie charts and other methods of data presentation
REFERENCES
A globa T. Angosanal community development in urban areas; A Nigeria case study, cities (1994)
Liwala S. (1994) the meaning of women empowerment; new concepts from action in G. S0on, A Germain and L. C. chain (eds.) population policies reconsided; hearth empowerment
Tanzania gender networking programme (NGNP) African Gender and development indix (Tanzania chapter) ECA report
Kothari C. R 2004 Methodology (method and technical second revised edition)
Management and personal office (MPO), Annual report 2003, department for the women in society ministry for social policy
International journal of humanities and applied science (i) has vol 2 and 3 (2013)
Instraw (2005) women in power and decision making: new challenges: being at 10: decision making into practice. www.un.instraw.org
TGNP (2005) gender, democracy and development digest: post election analysis
Mayoux, L. (2006) Women’s empowerment through sustainable micro- finance: rethinking “best practice” http://www.enterprise
Mayoux (2000) questioning virtuos prirals: micro finance and women empowerment in Africa. Journal of international development 11:957-984
APPENDIXES I
Schedule of activities
S/NO
Activities
Duration (in six weeks) 2016/2017
DECEMBER
JANUARY
FEBRUARY
MARCH
APRIL
1
Research proposal writing
2
Proposal presentation
3
Reporting to field area and research orientation and data
4
Data processing, Editing, Analyzing, and Report writing
5
Presentation of Research report
6
Submission of the report
APPENDIX II
Total budget of conducting research
S/NO
ITEMS
EXPENSES
1
Food
100,000
2
Sheller
30,000
3
Transport
50,000
4
Stationary
30,000
5
Emergency
40,000
TOTAL
250,000
APPENDIX III
QUESTIONNAIRE
QUESTIONNAIRE TO THE RESPONDENT
Dear respondent;
I am Christina Richard, from Buhare Community Development Training Institute (BUHARE CDTI) pursuing a diploma in community development I kindly request you to assist me to facilitate to the completion of my research work which is a perquisite for partially fulfillment of any diploma in community development.
The purpose of this questionnaire is to assess the impact of women economic empowerment in the community at Nyatukala ward in Sengerema district. I would very much appreciate your assistance in answering the questionnaire below. Please do not write your name on this form in order that the replies remain anonymous.
Please answer the questions with at most honest
SECTION A: Social economic back ground of respondent
Please tick (√) the relevant answer
Sex
MALE
FEMALE
Age
18-28
29-39
40-50
50 and above
Marital status
Single
Married
Divorced
Widowed
Separated
Level of education
Primary education
Secondary education
Tertiary
What is your occupation?
Farmer
Business
Employee
Others (mention)
SECTION B: To identify the various economic activities done by women economic empowerment
Do you think what are the economic activities done by women?
Business
Farmer/ agriculture
Entrepreneur [ ]
There any effort that done by the government and non-government to empower women in economic?
Yes
No
None [ ]
If yes what effort provided?
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
In which extent women facing by challenge?
High extent
Moderate
Low extent
In your own view state other challenges facing women economic empowerment
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
Provision of education is the one of ways that reduces this challenge?
Yes
No [ ]
Do you think that government policy is one of the solutions of the problems?
Yes
No [ ]
Did you get any training from different place for women empowerment?
Yes
No [ ]
If yes where did you get those training?
Government
Non- government
APPENDIX IV
QUESTIONNAIRE
QUESTIONNAIRE TO THE KEY FORMANT
Dear respondent;
I am Christina Richard, from Buhare Community Development Training Institute (BUHARE CDTI) pursuing a diploma in community development I kindly request you to assist me to facilitate to the completion of my research work which is a perquisite for partially fulfillment of any diploma in community development.
The purpose of this questionnaire is to assess the impact of women economic empowerment in the community at Nyatukala ward in Sengerema district. I would very much appreciate your assistance in answering the questionnaire below. Please do not write your name on this form in order that the replies remain anonymous.
Please answer the questions with at most honest
SECTION A: Social economic back ground of respondent
Please tick (√) the relevant answer
Sex
MALE
FEMALE
Age
18-28
29-39
40-50
nd above
Marital status
Single
Married
Divorced
Widowed
Separated
Level of education
Primary education
Secondary education
Tertiary
What are the various economic activities done by women economic empowerment in study area?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
What are the challenges facing women in various economic activities in the study area?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
What are the ways to solve the challenges facing women economic empowerment?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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